Time-Dependent Hamiltonian Simulation via Magnus Expansion: Algorithm and Superconvergence

Hamiltonian simulation becomes more challenging as the underlying unitary becomes more oscillatory. In such cases, an algorithm with commutator scaling and a weak dependence, such as logarithmic, on the derivatives of the Hamiltonian is desired. We introduce a new time-dependent Hamiltonian simulation algorithm based on the Magnus expansion that exhibits both features. Importantly, when applied to unbounded Hamiltonian simulation in the interaction picture, we prove that the commutator in the second-order algorithm leads to a surprising fourth-order superconvergence, with an error preconstant independent of the number of spatial grids. This extends the qHOP algorithm (An et al. in Quantum 6:690, 2022) based on first-order Magnus expansion, and the proof of superconvergence is based on semiclassical analysis that is of independent interest.